Examining social inclusion/exclusion and age-friendly indicators across place and time: a follow-up

Enhancing the social inclusion of older adults has become a policy priority in Canada and elsewhere. This issue has become even more important given the COVID-19 pandemic and the mandated physical distancing that people have experienced since 2020. Social inclusion refers to the involvement of individuals or groups in a way that is meaningful and respected within a community. It derives from a variety of factors, including social relations, access to services, financial resources, transportation and mobility, and individual capacities, as well as the extent to which the community environment in which a person lives is age-friendly (e.g., appropriate housing, safe neighborhoods). By using Follow-up 2 data, the present study is designed to further examine indicators of social inclusion/exclusion (e.g., social isolation, social participation) in Winnipeg and across Canadian cities, and whether they have changed over time.